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Immortality - Wikipedia
Immortality is eternal life, being exempt from death; unending existence. Certain scientists, futuristsand philosophers have theorized about the immortality of the human body, with some suggesting that human immortality may be achievable in the first few decades of the 21st century.
Other advocates believe that life extension is a more achievable goal in the short term, with immortality awaiting further research breakthroughs. The absence of ageing would provide humans with biological immortality, but not invulnerability to death by disease or injury.
Whether the process of internal immortality is delivered within the upcoming years depends chiefly on research and in neuron research in the case of internal immortality through an immortalized cell line in the former view and perhaps is an awaited goal in the latter case. What form an unending human life would take, or whether an immaterial soul exists and possesses immortality, has been a major point of focus of religion, [ citation needed ] as well as the subject of speculation and debate.
In religious contexts, immortality is often stated to be one of the promises of divinities to human beings who perform virtue or follow divine law. Life extension technologies promise a path to complete rejuvenation. Cryonics holds out the hope that the dead can be revived in the future, following sufficient medical advancements. While, as shown with creatures such as hydra and Planarian worms, it is indeed possible for a creature to be biologically immortalit is not known if it will be possible for humans in the near-future.
Immortality in religion refers usually to either the belief in physical immortality or a more spiritual afterlife. In traditions, such as ancient Egyptian beliefs, Mesopotamian beliefs and ancient Greek beliefs, the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay, the immortal gods consequently were considered to have physical bodies.
In Mesopotamian and Greek religion, the gods also made certain men and women physically immortal, whereas in Christianity, many believe that all true believers will be resurrected to physical immortality. Similar beliefs that physical immortality is possible are held by Rastafarians or Rebirthers. Physical immortality is a state of life that allows a person to avoid death and maintain conscious thought. It can mean the unending existence of a person from a physical source other than organic life, such as a computer.
Pursuit of physical immortality before the advent of modern science included alchemists seeking to create the Philosopher's Stone[4] and various cultures' legends such as the Fountain of Youth or the Peaches of Immortality inspiring attempts at discovering elixirs of life. Modern scientific trends, such as cryonicsdigital immortalitythe immortal life of henrietta lacks essay, breakthroughs in rejuvenationor predictions of an impending technological singularityto achieve genuine human physical immortality, must still overcome all causes of death to succeed:.
There are three main causes of death: aging the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay, diseaseand injury. Aubrey de Greya leading researcher in the field, [6] defines aging as "a collection of cumulative changes to the molecular and cellular structure of an adult organismwhich result in essential metabolic processes, but which also, once they progress far enough, increasingly disrupt metabolism, resulting in pathology and death.
Eliminating aging would require finding a solution to each of these causes, a program de Grey calls engineered negligible senescence. There is also the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay huge body of knowledge indicating that change is characterized by the loss of molecular fidelity. Disease is theoretically surmountable by technology. In short, it is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism, something the body shouldn't typically have to deal with its natural make up.
The mechanisms by which other diseases do damage are becoming better understood. Sophisticated methods of detecting diseases early are being developed. Preventative medicine is becoming better understood. Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay Alzheimer's may soon be curable with the use of stem cells. Breakthroughs in cell biology and telomere research are leading to treatments for cancer.
Vaccines are being researched for AIDS and tuberculosis. Genes associated with type 1 diabetes and certain types of cancer the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay been discovered, allowing for new therapies to be developed.
Artificial devices attached directly to the nervous system may restore sight to the blind. Drugs are being developed to treat a myriad of other diseases and ailments. Physical trauma would remain as a the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay to the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay physical life, as an otherwise immortal person would still be subject to unforeseen accidents or catastrophes.
The speed and quality of paramedic response remains a determining factor in surviving severe trauma. The brain cannot be risked to trauma if a continuous physical life is to be maintained. This aversion to trauma risk to the brain would naturally result in significant behavioral changes that would render physical immortality undesirable for some people. Organisms otherwise unaffected by these causes of death would still face the problem of obtaining sustenance whether from currently available agricultural processes or from hypothetical future technological processes in the face of the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay availability of suitable resources as environmental conditions change.
After avoiding aging, disease, and trauma, death through resource limitation is still possible, such as hypoxia or starvation.
If there is no limitation on the degree of gradual mitigation of risk then it is possible that the cumulative probability of death over an infinite horizon is less than certaintyeven when the risk of fatal trauma in any finite period is greater than zero. Biological immortality the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay an absence of aging. Specifically it is the absence of a sustained increase in rate of mortality as a function of chronological age.
A cell or organism that does not experience aging, or ceases to age at some point, is biologically immortal.
Biologists have chosen the word "immortal" to designate cells that are not limited by the Hayflick limitwhere cells no longer divide because of DNA damage or shortened telomeres.
The first and still most widely used immortal cell line is HeLadeveloped from cells taken from the malignant cervical tumor of Henrietta Lacks without her consent in Prior to the work of Leonard Hayflickthere was the erroneous belief fostered by Alexis Carrel that all normal somatic cells are immortal. By preventing cells from reaching senescence one can achieve biological immortality; telomeres, a "cap" at the end of DNA, are thought to be the cause of cell aging.
Every time a cell divides the telomere becomes a bit shorter; when it is finally worn down, the cell is unable to split and dies. Telomerase is an enzyme which rebuilds the telomeres in stem cells and cancer cells, allowing them to replicate an infinite number of times. On the other hand, scientists hope to be able to grow organs with the help of stem cells, allowing organ transplants without the risk of rejection, another step in extending human life expectancy. These technologies are the subject of ongoing research, the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay, and are not yet realized.
Life defined as biologically immortal is still susceptible to causes of death besides aging, including disease and trauma, as defined above. Notable immortal species include:. As the existence of biologically immortal species demonstrates, there is no thermodynamic necessity for senescence: a defining feature of life is that it takes in free energy from the environment and unloads its entropy as waste.
Living systems can even build themselves up from seed, and routinely repair themselves. Aging is therefore presumed to be a byproduct of evolutionbut why mortality should be selected for remains a subject of research and debate. Programmed cell death and the telomere "end replication problem" are found even in the earliest and simplest of organisms. Individual organisms ordinarily age and die, while the germlines which connect successive generations are potentially immortal.
The basis for this difference is a fundamental problem in biology. The Russian biologist and historian Zhores A. Medvedev [24] considered that the accuracy of genome replicative and other synthetic systems alone cannot explain the immortality of germ lines. Rather Medvedev thought that known features of the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay biochemistry and genetics of sexual reproduction indicate the presence of unique information maintenance and restoration processes at the different stages of gametogenesis.
In particular, Medvedev considered that the most important opportunities for information maintenance of germ cells are created by recombination during meiosis and DNA repair ; he saw these as processes within the germ cells that were capable of restoring the integrity of DNA and chromosomes from the types of damage that cause irreversible ageing in somatic cells.
Some [ who? A team of researchers at the Spanish National Cancer Centre Madrid tested the hypothesis on mice. In normal circumstances, without the presence of telomerase, if a cell divides repeatedly, at some point all the progeny will reach their Hayflick limit.
With the presence of telomerase, each dividing cell can replace the lost bit of DNAand any single cell can then divide unbounded. While this unbounded growth property has excited many researchers, caution is warranted in exploiting this property, as exactly this same unbounded growth is a crucial step in enabling cancerous growth. If an organism can replicate its body cells faster, then it would theoretically stop aging. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase, which allows them to divide repeatedly and form the individual.
In adults, telomerase is highly expressed in cells that need to divide regularly e. Technological immortality is the prospect for much longer life spans made possible by scientific advances in a variety of fields: nanotechnology, emergency room procedures, genetics, biological engineeringregenerative medicinemicrobiologyand others, the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay.
Contemporary life spans in the advanced industrial societies are already markedly longer than those of the past because of better nutrition, availability of health care, standard of living and bio-medical scientific advances. Technological immortality predicts further progress for the same reasons over the near term. An important aspect of current scientific thinking about immortality is that some combination of human cloningcryonics or nanotechnology will play an essential role in extreme life extension.
Robert Freitasa nanorobotics theorist, suggests tiny medical nanorobots could be created to go through human bloodstreams, find dangerous things like cancer cells and bacteria, and destroy them, the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay. This supports the theory that we will be able to continually create biological or synthetic replacement parts to replace damaged or dying ones.
Future advances in nanomedicine could give rise to life extension through the repair of many processes thought to be responsible for aging. Eric Drexlerone of the founders of nanotechnologypostulated cell repair devices, including ones operating within cells and using as yet hypothetical biological machinesin his book Engines of Creation.
Raymond Kurzweila futurist and transhumaniststated in his book The The immortal life of henrietta lacks essay Is Near that he believes that advanced medical nanorobotics could completely remedy the effects of aging by Hibbs suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would, in theory, be possible to as Feynman put it " Biological machine ". The idea was incorporated into Feynman's essay There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.
Cryonicsthe practice of preserving organisms either intact specimens or only their brains for possible future revival by storing them at cryogenic temperatures where metabolism and decay are almost completely stopped, the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay, can be used to 'pause' for those who believe that life extension technologies will not develop sufficiently within their lifetime. Ideally, cryonics would allow clinically dead people to be brought back in the future after cures to the patients' diseases have been discovered and aging is reversible.
Modern cryonics procedures use a process called vitrification which creates a glass-like state rather than freezing as the body is brought to low temperatures. This process reduces the risk of ice crystals damaging the cell-structure, which would be especially detrimental to cell structures in the brain, as their minute adjustment evokes the individual's mind.
One idea that has been advanced involves uploading an individual's habits and memories via direct mind-computer interface. The individual's memory may be loaded to a computer or to a new organic body. Extropian futurists like Moravec and Kurzweil have proposed that, thanks to exponentially growing computing power, it will someday be possible to upload human consciousness onto a computer system, and exist indefinitely in a virtual environment.
This could be accomplished via advanced cybernetics, where computer hardware would initially be installed in the brain to help sort memory or accelerate thought processes. Components would be added gradually until the person's entire brain functions were handled by artificial devices, avoiding sharp transitions that would lead to issues of identitythus running the risk of the person to be declared dead and thus not be a legitimate owner of his or her property.
After this point, the human body could be treated as an optional accessory and the program implementing the person could be transferred to any sufficiently powerful computer. Another possible mechanism for mind upload is to perform a detailed scan of an individual's original, organic brain and simulate the entire structure in a computer.
What level of detail such scans and simulations would need to achieve to emulate awareness, and whether the scanning process would destroy the brain, is still to be determined. It is suggested that achieving immortality through this mechanism would require specific consideration to be given to the role of consciousness in the functions of the mind. An uploaded mind would only be a copy of the original mind, and not the conscious mind of the living entity associated in such a transfer.
Without a simultaneous upload of consciousness, the original living entity remains mortal, thus not achieving true immortality. Whatever the route to mind upload, persons in this state could then be considered essentially immortal, the immortal life of henrietta lacks essay, short of loss or traumatic destruction of the machines that maintained them. Transforming a human into a cyborg can include brain implants or extracting a human processing unit and placing it in a robotic life-support system.
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, time: 4:17The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks: Study Guide | SparkNotes
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks is Rebecca Skloot's debut biography about the woman whose cells have led to numerous scientific breakthroughs, without her blogger.come a character analysis of her daughter Deborah Lacks,plot summary, and important quotes 1 day ago · The immortal life of henrietta lacks rhetorical analysis essay Structure and function of human brain essay. Essay about social media marketing ai in marketing research paper. Help animals essay is an essay the same as an article dissertation ideas for sports nutrition hindi essay on football match. Case study of architecture colleges, marathi Explore essential teacher resources for AP English Language and Composition, including course materials, exam details, and course audit information
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